The Native Americans, who lived in the proximity of modern Quebec, used another antioxidant derived from pine tree bark to create a broth that helped cure Cartier and his crew of explorers of scurvy in 1535. How did this work, for the bark does not contain any vitamin C and scurvy is known to be a deficiency illness caused by the lack of Vitamin C? Pine bark contains high concentrations of flavonoids that have the ability to donate an electron to reduce, or inactivated Vitamin C, thus “rejuvenating” or converting it back to its active form as an antioxidant. The active Vitamin C levels rise dramatically and the deficient state is corrected, not by ingesting Vitamin C but by reactivating the reduced form. We now have a more potent form of flavonoids which are derived from grape seed extract.